Illiterate residents across rural Bolivia have never heard of the academic CK Prahalad. And until recently many had never used modern banking services.

They still don’t know who Prahalad is, but now they are withdrawing money from a voice-recognition ATM developed by Prodem, a microfinance institution. In addition to understanding verbal instructions, the specially adapted bank machines use customer fingerprints rather than a card and pin.

The innovative scheme focuses on low-income customers traditionally overlooked by companies – what Professor Prahalad of the University of Michigan defines as “the bottom of the pyramid” (BOP).

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